Association between Mineral Intake and Cognition Evaluated by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Mineral intake may protect against cognitive impairment (CI) and all-cause dementia, which affects a large number of adults worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between mineral intake and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), which is a sensitive and specific test. METHODS: In total, 201 adults were included in a cross-sectional study. They completed a three-day dietary record to estimate their average daily intake of minerals. Contributions to dietary reference intakes (DRIs) were also calculated. The participants were divided into tertiles according to their mineral intake. CI classifications were determined via the MoCA (score < 26). Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping was carried out, and the patients' anthropometric measurements and physical activity, health and personal data were collected. RESULTS: The prevalence of CI in this selective sample was 54.2% (34.3% females and 19.9% males). In women, being in the third tertiles of iron and manganese intake was associated with lower odds of having CI (OR [95% CI]: 0.32 [0.11 ± 0.93]; 0.33 [0.12 ± 0.93], p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for any of the nutrients studied in men. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a low mineral intake, especially low iron and manganese intake in women, is associated with a worse cognition as assessed by MoCA.

Situación ponderal, composición corporal y calidad de la dieta de los escolares españoles en función del nivel de adherencia a las guías de movimiento de 24 horas / Weight status, body composition, and diet quality of Spanish schoolchildren according to their level of adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines

INTRODUCCIÓN: la actividad física moderada o vigorosa, la limitación de los comportamientos sedentarios y el descanso adecuado son factores del estilo de vida que ayudan a prevenir el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Sin embargo, existen pocos trabajos que relacionen el conjunto de estos factores con la situación ponderal, la composición corporal y la calidad de la dieta en escolares. OBJETIVO: conocer las diferencias en cuanto a situación antropométrica y calidad de la dieta de un grupo de escolares españoles en función del nivel de adherencia a las guías de movimiento de 24 horas. MÉTODOS: se han estudiado 367 escolares de 7-11 años de edad. Se recogieron datos antropométricos, dietéticos y de comportamientos de movimiento. Posteriormente se dividieron en tres grupos sobre la base de su adherencia a las guías: baja adherencia (BA), adherencia media (AM) y alta adherencia (AA). RESULTADOS: solo un 15 % de los escolares cumplía con las guías. El porcentaje de sobrepeso era mayor en el grupo BA que en el AM y el AA. El grupo BA también presentaba una menor ingesta de fibra; una menor contribución a las recomendaciones de vitaminas B6, B12 y C, selenio y magnesio; y una mayor ingesta de ácidos grasos saturados. Los escolares que incumplían la recomendación referente al tiempo de pantalla tenían mayor riesgo de desarrollar sobrepeso u obesidad (OR = 1,92 (1,10-3,36); p = 0,022). CONCLUSIÓN: los escolares que se adhieren a 2 o más recomendaciones de las guías de movimiento presentan menos sobrepeso y una mejor calidad nutricional de la dieta. El incumplimiento de la recomendación de tiempo de pantalla supone un mayor riesgo de sobrepeso u obesidad

INTRODUCTION: moderate to vigorous physical activity, limiting sedentary behaviors, and getting adequate rest are lifestyle factors that help prevent overweight and obesity. However, there are few studies that relate all of these factors to weight status, body composition, and diet quality in school children. OBJECTIVE: to assess the differences in anthropometric status and diet quality in a group of Spanish schoolchildren, according to their level of adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines. METHODS: a total of 367 schoolchildren aged 7-11 years were studied. Anthropometric, dietary, and movement patterns were collected. Subsequently, they were divided into three groups based on their adherence to the extant guidelines: low adherence (BA), medium adherence (AM) and high adherence (AA). RESULTS: only 15 % of the schoolchildren met the guidelines. The percentage of overweight was higher in the BA group than in the AM and AA groups. The BA group also had a lower fibre intake; a lower contribution to the recommendations for vitamins B6, B12 and C, selenium and magnesium; and a higher intake of saturated fatty acids. The schoolchildren who did not meet screen time recommendations had a higher odds ratio for overweight/obesity (OR = 1.92 (1.10-3.36); p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: schoolchildren who adhere to 2 or more movement guideline recommendations had less overweight and a diet of better nutritional quality. Non-compliance with the screen time recommendation leads to a higher risk of overweight or obesity

[Weight status, body composition, and diet quality of Spanish schoolchildren according to their level of adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines]. / Situación ponderal, composición corporal y calidad de la dieta de los escolares españoles en función del nivel de adherencia a las guías de movimiento de 24 horas.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: moderate to vigorous physical activity, limiting sedentary behaviors, and getting adequate rest are lifestyle factors that help prevent overweight and obesity. However, there are few studies that relate all of these factors to weight status, body composition, and diet quality in school children. Objective: to assess the differences in anthropometric status and diet quality in a group of Spanish schoolchildren, according to their level of adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines. Methods: a total of 367 schoolchildren aged 7-11 years were studied. Anthropometric, dietary, and movement patterns were collected. Subsequently, they were divided into three groups based on their adherence to the extant guidelines: low adherence (BA), medium adherence (AM) and high adherence (AA). Results: only 15 % of the schoolchildren met the guidelines. The percentage of overweight was higher in the BA group than in the AM and AA groups. The BA group also had a lower fibre intake; a lower contribution to the recommendations for vitamins B6, B12 and C, selenium and magnesium; and a higher intake of saturated fatty acids. The schoolchildren who did not meet screen time recommendations had a higher odds ratio for overweight/obesity (OR = 1.92 (1.10-3.36); p = 0.022). Conclusion: schoolchildren who adhere to 2 or more movement guideline recommendations had less overweight and a diet of better nutritional quality. Non-compliance with the screen time recommendation leads to a higher risk of overweight or obesity.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la actividad física moderada o vigorosa, la limitación de los comportamientos sedentarios y el descanso adecuado son factores del estilo de vida que ayudan a prevenir el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Sin embargo, existen pocos trabajos que relacionen el conjunto de estos factores con la situación ponderal, la composición corporal y la calidad de la dieta en escolares. Objetivo: conocer las diferencias en cuanto a situación antropométrica y calidad de la dieta de un grupo de escolares españoles en función del nivel de adherencia a las guías de movimiento de 24 horas. Métodos: se han estudiado 367 escolares de 7-11 años de edad. Se recogieron datos antropométricos, dietéticos y de comportamientos de movimiento. Posteriormente se dividieron en tres grupos sobre la base de su adherencia a las guías: baja adherencia (BA), adherencia media (AM) y alta adherencia (AA). Resultados: solo un 15 % de los escolares cumplía con las guías. El porcentaje de sobrepeso era mayor en el grupo BA que en el AM y el AA. El grupo BA también presentaba una menor ingesta de fibra; una menor contribución a las recomendaciones de vitaminas B6, B12 y C, selenio y magnesio; y una mayor ingesta de ácidos grasos saturados. Los escolares que incumplían la recomendación referente al tiempo de pantalla tenían mayor riesgo de desarrollar sobrepeso u obesidad (OR = 1,92 (1,10-3,36); p = 0,022). Conclusión: los escolares que se adhieren a 2 o más recomendaciones de las guías de movimiento presentan menos sobrepeso y una mejor calidad nutricional de la dieta. El incumplimiento de la recomendación de tiempo de pantalla supone un mayor riesgo de sobrepeso u obesidad.

[Importance of choline in cognitive function]. / Importancia de la colina en la función cognitiva.

INTRODUCTION: Choline is a critical nutrient for cognitive development, metabolism and liver function, and regulation of homocysteine metabolism. It is necessary for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, the synthesis of betaine and that of phosphatidylcholine. In the perinatal stage, the contribution of choline is essential to guarantee optimal cognitive development and prevent neural tube defects. In adults and the elderly, choline intake has been associated with better performance in some cognitive functions and a lower incidence of dementia. Despite their important role in health, most groups of the population do not reach their adequate intake of choline, and even some groups, such as pregnant women or childbearing women, have a higher risk of having suboptimal intakes. The main dietary sources of choline are eggs, dairy and meats, so reducing or limiting the consumption of these foods negatively impacts on the intake of this nutrient. Given the need to improve the intake of this vitamin, it is necessary to increase the knowledge that the population has about this nutrient, raising awareness about the importance of choline for health, and its main food sources.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La colina es un nutriente crítico para el desarrollo cognitivo, el metabolismo y la función hepática y la regulación del metabolismo de la homocisteína. Es necesaria para la síntesis del neurotransmisor acetilcolina, la síntesis de betaína y la de fosfatidilcolina. En la etapa perinatal el aporte de colina es fundamental para garantizar el desarrollo cognitivo y prevenir defectos del tubo neural. En adultos mayores y ancianos la ingesta de colina se ha asociado a mejor rendimiento en algunas funciones cognitivas y menor incidencia de demencia. A pesar de su importante papel en la salud, la mayoría de los colectivos no alcanza sus ingestas adecuadas (IA) de colina, aunque algunos colectivos, como gestantes o mujeres en edad fértil, tienen un mayor riesgo de tener ingestas subóptimas. Las principales fuentes dietéticas de esta vitamina son los huevos, lácteos y carnes, y disminuir o limitar el consumo de estos alimentos impacta negativamente en la ingesta de este nutriente. Dada la necesidad de mejorar la ingesta de esta vitamina, es necesario mejorar el conocimiento que tiene la población sobre este nutriente, concienciándola sobre la importancia de la colina para la salud y sus principales fuentes alimentarias.

[Importance of nutrition during pregnancy. Impact on the composition of breast milk]. / Importancia de la nutrición durante el embarazo. Impacto en la composición de la leche materna.

INTRODUCTION: The consumption of a healthy diet is essential during the preconception period, pregnancy and lactation to guarantee maternal-fetal and newborn health. It is important to take into account when configuring the maternal diet that inadequate intakes of vitamins and minerals, as well as a high consumption of foods or beverages with refined sugar increase the incidence of low birth weight infants, while the adequate consumption of micronutrients and carbohydrates (mainly integral) can decrease it. Prenatal consumption of fish is also associated with less intrauterine growth retardation. Maternal nutritional deficits that lead to intrauterine growth retardation can alter the expression of some genes, causing abnormal programming in organ and tissue development. In response, the fetus adapts to this situation of scarcity and may have difficulties adapting to an abundant consumption of food after birth, increasing its propensity to suffer from cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in adult life. After delivery, the nutrition of the infant must be guaranteed through breast milk. There is a relationship between the nutritional status of the mother and the composition of the mother's milk and, therefore, in the supply of nutrients to the infant, which may condition their health. Despite the great importance of an adequate maternal nutritional state, serum deficiencies in vitamins A, E, C, B2, B1, calcium and zinc are observed in pregnant mothers and breast milk, being important to identify and prevent these imbalances before conception and during pregnancy and lactation.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El consumo de una dieta saludable es esencial durante el periodo preconcepcional, embarazo y lactancia para garantizar la salud maternofetal y del neonato. Es importante tener en cuenta al configurar la dieta materna que ingestas inadecuadas de vitaminas y minerales, así como un elevado consumo de alimentos o bebidas con azúcar refinada, aumentan la incidencia de recién nacidos con bajo peso, mientras que el consumo adecuado de micronutrientes y de hidratos de carbono (principalmente integrales) pueden disminuirla. También el consumo prenatal de pescado se asocia con menor retraso del crecimiento intrauterino. Los déficits nutricionales maternos que conducen a un retraso del crecimiento intrauterino pueden alterar la expresión de algunos genes ocasionando una programación anormal en el desarrollo de órganos y tejidos. Como respuesta, el feto se adapta a esta situación de escasez y puede tener dificultad de adaptación ante un consumo abundante de alimentos después del nacimiento, lo cual aumenta su propensión al padecimiento de enfermedades cardiovasculares y metabólicas en la vida adulta. Después del parto, la nutrición del lactante debe estar garantizada mediante la leche materna. Existe una relación entre el estado nutritivo de la madre y la composición de la leche materna y, por lo tanto, el aporte de nutrientes al lactante, lo cual puede condicionar su salud. Pese a la gran importancia que tiene un adecuado estado nutritivo materno, se observan niveles séricos deficitarios en vitaminas A, E, C, B2, B1, calcio y zinc en madres gestantes y en leche materna, por lo que es importante identificar y prevenir estos desequilibrios antes de la concepción y durante el embarazo y la lactancia.

Age and APOE genotype affect the relationship between objectively measured physical activity and power in the alpha band, a marker of brain disease.

BACKGROUND: Electrophysiological studies show that reductions in power within the alpha band are associated with the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. Physical activity (PA) is a protective factor that has proved to reduce AD risk and pathological brain burden. Previous research has confirmed that exercise increases power in the alpha range. However, little is known regarding whether other non-modifiable risk factors for AD, such as increased age or APOE ε4 carriage, alter the association between PA and power in the alpha band. METHODS: The relationship between PA and alpha band power was examined in a sample of 113 healthy adults using magnetoencephalography. Additionally, we explored whether ε4 carriage and age modulate this association. The correlations between alpha power and gray matter volumes and cognition were also investigated. RESULTS: We detected a parieto-occipital cluster in which PA positively correlated with alpha power. The association between PA and alpha power remained following stratification of the cohort by genotype. Younger and older adults were investigated separately, and only younger adults exhibited a positive relationship between PA and alpha power. Interestingly, when four groups were created based on age (younger-older adult) and APOE (E3/E3-E3/E4), only younger E3/E3 (least predicted risk) and older E3/E4 (greatest predicted risk) had associations between greater alpha power and higher PA. Among older E3/E4, greater alpha power in these regions was associated with improved memory and preserved brain structure. CONCLUSION: PA could protect against the slowing of brain activity that characterizes the AD continuum, where it is of benefit for all individuals, especially E3/E4 older adults.

Physical activity practice and sports preferences in a group of Spanish schoolchildren depending on sex and parental care: a gender perspective.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity plays an important role in the maintenance of health, and it is especially important during childhood. However, the lack of information about differences in physical activity practice and sports preferences of children considering gender differences can result in non-effective policies that enhance inequalities between sexes. The aim of this study is to identify the sports preferences of Spanish schoolchildren and their physical activity practice behaviors depending on their sex and their parental care, analyzing the possible differences from a gender perspective. METHOD: Three hundred sixty-four Spanish schoolchildren (179 girls, 185 boys) participated in this cross-sectional study. A daily physical activity questionnaire was used to evaluate physical activity level (PAL), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sports preferences and a socio-health questionnaire were used to collect data about parental care. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and applying Student's T-test for normal variables, Mann-Whitney U-test for non-parametrical variables, and chi-square (χ2) test for categorical variables. Subsequently, odds ratios were used to analyze associations between the physical activity practice of the children and parental care. RESULTS: PAL and time spent in MVPA was significantly lower for girls compared to boys (1.44 ± 0.07 vs. 1.46 ± 0.07, p < 0.001 and 0.74 ± 0.40 h/day vs. 0.90 ± 0.45 h/day; p < 0.001, respectively). Dancing, rhythmic gymnastics, skating, and water sports were practiced more by girls, while football, wrestling sports, handball, and racket sports were practiced more by boys (p < 0.05). Children cared for by their fathers had higher odds for physical activity practice (OR = 1.995 (1.202-3.310), p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: Physical activity among girls was less frequent and less intense. Girls opted for individual sports with artistic connotations, while boys often practiced more team contact sports. Furthermore, children are more physically actives when their father is in charge of them.

The relationship between physical activity, apolipoprotein E ε4 carriage, and brain health.

BACKGROUND: Neuronal hyperexcitability and hypersynchrony have been described as key features of neurophysiological dysfunctions in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum. Conversely, physical activity (PA) has been associated with improved brain health and reduced AD risk. However, there is controversy regarding whether AD genetic risk (in terms of APOE ε4 carriage) modulates these relationships. The utilization of multiple outcome measures within one sample may strengthen our understanding of this complex phenomenon. METHOD: The relationship between PA and functional connectivity (FC) was examined in a sample of 107 healthy older adults using magnetoencephalography. Additionally, we explored whether ε4 carriage modulates this association. The correlation between FC and brain structural integrity, cognition, and mood was also investigated. RESULTS: A relationship between higher PA and decreased FC (hyposynchrony) in the left temporal lobe was observed among all individuals (across the whole sample, in ε4 carriers, and in ε4 non-carriers), but its effects manifest differently according to genetic risk. In ε4 carriers, we report an association between this region-specific FC profile and preserved brain structure (greater gray matter volumes and higher integrity of white matter tracts). In this group, decreased FC also correlated with reduced anxiety levels. In ε4 non-carriers, this profile is associated with improved cognition (working and episodic memory). CONCLUSIONS: PA could mitigate the increase in FC (hypersynchronization) that characterizes preclinical AD, being beneficial for all individuals, especially ε4 carriers.

The association of parents' behaviors related to salt with 24 h urinary sodium excretion of their children: A Spanish cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Sodium intake is excessive among Spanish children, but the salt use behaviors of parents and children are unknown. This study aims to determine behaviors related to salt intake in both schoolchildren and parents and the relationship between parental behaviors and 24 h urinary sodium excretion (UNa-24h) in children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A convenience sample was taken from a cross-sectional analysis. Parents completed a self-reported questionnaire about their behaviors related to salt, and their responses were compared with the UNa-24h of their own children. The median test was used to identify differences in UNa-24h according to behaviors. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between the behaviors of parents and high sodium excretion in the children and the risk of children's use of table salt, adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. Multinomial logistic regression models, adjusted by the covariates, were used to study the children's salt preferences. RESULTS: A total of 329 schoolchildren from different Spanish provinces were included in the study (mean age: 9.0 ± 1.2 years, 157 girls). The majority of families (parents mean age: 42.0 ± 5.2 years) reported adding salt to food during cooking (92%), and 59% of them never looked at the sodium content on food labels. However, none of these behaviors were related to UNa-24h (p > 0.05). The use of iodized salt (53%), the presence of a salt shaker on the table (6%), and the use of table salt by fathers (57%), mothers (52%) or children (17%) increased the odds (p < 0.05) of children having a higher UNa-24h. Checking sodium content on food labels and the use of table salt by the children or father was associated with a lower preference for salty foods (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is important to make parents aware of the relationship between their behaviors regarding the use of discretionary salt and their children's sodium intake. Our data suggest that salt-specific education programs on how to reduce salt both in-home and outside the home should be implemented to improve behavior skills related to salt consumption in parents and children.

[Role of yogurt in children's breakfast]. / Papel del yogur en el desayuno de los niños.

INTRODUCTION: Some studies link children and adolescents breakfast habits with a better quality of the diet and higher intake of nutrients in general, and lower adiposity and cardiometabolic risk, which highlights the important role of this meal. A quality breakfast should include at least three food groups: cereals, dairy and fruits. However, the most frequent breakfast of Spanish schoolchildren combines only dairy and cereals. Therefore, it would be desirable to incorporate fruit in this first meal of the day, which would also help to improve the overall low consumption of fruit by Spanish children. On the other hand, yogurt is a food of high nutritional density and its habitual consumption in children is associated with a greater intake of most nutrients, with the follow-up of more balanced diets and with a lower prevalence of overweight and obesity. Incorporating yogurt into breakfast can help to improve the intake of some of the nutrients that are insufficiently in the diet, and can be a vehicle to incorporate other foods such as fruits. The combination of these two foods in the same meal has a synergistic effect, both by complementing the nutrients of each of these foods, and by the synbiotic effect that is achieved by adding the probiotic effect of yogurt and the prebiotic fiber of the fruits.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Numerosos estudios relacionan el hábito de desayunar en niños y adolescentes con una mejor calidad de la dieta y mayor ingesta de nutrientes en general, menor adiposidad y riesgo cardiometabólico, lo que pone de relieve el importante papel de esa comida. Uno de los criterios empleados para definir un desayuno de calidad es la inclusión de, al menos, cereales, lácteos y frutas. Sin embargo, el desayuno más frecuente de los escolares españoles combina solo un lácteo y un cereal. Por lo tanto, sería deseable incorporar fruta en esta primera comida del día, lo que ayudaría, además, a mejorar el bajo consumo en general de fruta de los niños españoles. Por otro lado, el yogur es un alimento de elevada densidad nutricional y su consumo habitual en niños se asocia con una mayor ingesta de la mayoría de nutrientes, con el seguimiento de dietas más equilibradas y con menor prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. Incorporar yogur al desayuno puede ayudar a mejorar la ingesta de algunos de los nutrientes que se toman de forma insuficiente en la dieta y puede servir de vehículo para incorporar otros alimentos, como las frutas. La combinación de estos dos alimentos en una misma comida tiene un efecto sinérgico, tanto al complementarse los nutrientes de cada uno de estos alimentos, como por el efecto sinbiótico que se alcanza al sumar el efecto probiótico del yogur y el prebiótico de la fibra de las frutas.

[Controversies and errors related to nutrition and breastfeeding. Guidelines for improvement]. / Controversias y errores en relación con la nutrición y la lactancia materna. Pautas para la mejora.

INTRODUCTION: Although the benefits of breastfeeding are clear and well documented, for both newborns and nursing mothers, breastfeeding rates worldwide are not optimal in many cases. There are multiple myths and errors related to breastfeeding: that certain foods cannot be consumed during breastfeeding, that, however, certain foods must be consumed to increase milk production, that composition of breast milk is not adequate in some cases, that breastfeeding is associated with more risk of suffering caries… Therefore, the objective of this article is to clarify the reality about these aspects of breastfeeding.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Aunque los beneficios de la lactancia materna son claros y están bien documentados tanto para los recién nacidos como para las madres lactantes, las tasas de lactancia materna a nivel mundial en muchos casos no son óptimas. Existen múltiples mitos y errores en relación con la lactancia materna, como que no pueden consumirse determinados alimentos, que deben consumirse determinados alimentos para aumentar la producción láctea, que la composición de la leche materna en algunos casos no es adecuada, que la lactancia materna se asocia a más riesgo de caries… Por todo ello, el objetivo de este artículo es aclarar la realidad acerca de estos aspectos sobre la lactancia materna.

Papel del yogur en el desayuno de los niños / Role of yogurt in children's breakfast

Numerosos estudios relacionan el hábito de desayunar en niños y adolescentes con una mejor calidad de la dieta y mayor ingesta de nutrientes en general, menor adiposidad y riesgo cardiometabólico, lo que pone de relieve el importante papel de esa comida. Uno de los criterios empleados para definir un desayuno de calidad es la inclusión de, al menos, cereales, lácteos y frutas. Sin embargo, el desayuno más frecuente de los escolares españoles combina solo un lácteo y un cereal. Por lo tanto, sería deseable incorporar fruta en esta primera comida del día, lo que ayudaría, además, a mejorar el bajo consumo en general de fruta de los niños españoles. Por otro lado, el yogur es un alimento de elevada densidad nutricional y su consumo habitual en niños se asocia con una mayor ingesta de la mayoría de nutrientes, con el seguimiento de dietas más equilibradas y con menor prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. Incorporar yogur al desayuno puede ayudar a mejorar la ingesta de algunos de los nutrientes que se toman de forma insuficiente en la dieta y puede servir de vehículo para incorporar otros alimentos, como las frutas. La combinación de estos dos alimentos en una misma comida tiene un efecto sinérgico, tanto al complementarse los nutrientes de cada uno de estos alimentos, como por el efecto sinbiótico que se alcanza al sumar el efecto probiótico del yogur y el prebiótico de la fibra de las frutas

Some studies link children and adolescents breakfast habits with a better quality of the diet and higher intake of nutrients in general, and lower adiposity and cardiometabolic risk, which highlights the important role of this meal. A quality breakfast should include at least three food groups: cereals, dairy and fruits. However, the most frequent breakfast of Spanish schoolchildren combines only dairy and cereals. Therefore, it would be desirable to incorporate fruit in this first meal of the day, which would also help to improve the overall low consumption of fruit by Spanish children. On the other hand, yogurt is a food of high nutritional density and its habitual consumption in children is aßociated with a greater intake of most nutrients, with the follow-up of more balanced diets and with a lower prevalence of overweight and obesity. Incorporating yogurt into breakfast can help to improve the intake of some of the nutrients that are insufficiently in the diet, and can be a vehicle to incorporate other foods such as fruits. The combination of these two foods in the same meal has a synergistic effect, both by complementing the nutrients of each of these foods, and by the synbiotic effect that is achieved by adding the probiotic effect of yogurt and the prebiotic fiber of the fruits

Controversias y errores en relación con la nutrición y la lactancia materna. Pautas para la mejora / Controversies and errors related to nutrition and breastfeeding. Guidelines for improvement

Aunque los beneficios de la lactancia materna son claros y están bien documentados tanto para los recién nacidos como para las madres lactantes, las tasas de lactancia materna a nivel mundial en muchos casos no son óptimas. Existen múltiples mitos y errores en relación con la lactancia materna, como que no pueden consumirse determinados alimentos, que deben consumirse determinados alimentos para aumentar la producción láctea, que la composición de la leche materna en algunos casos no es adecuada, que la lactancia materna se asocia a más riesgo de caries... Por todo ello, el objetivo de este artículo es aclarar la realidad acerca de estos aspectos sobre la lactancia materna

Although the benefits of breastfeeding are clear and well documented, for both newborns and nursing mothers, breastfeeding rates worldwide are not optimal in many cases. There are multiple myths and errors related to breastfeeding: that certain foods cannot be consumed during breastfeeding, that, however, certain foods must be consumed to increase milk production, that composition of breast milk is not adequate in some cases, that breastfeeding is associated with more risk of suffering caries... Therefore, the objective of this article is to clarify the reality about these aspects of breastfeeding

Sources of Dietary Sodium in Food and Beverages Consumed by Spanish Schoolchildren between 7 and 11 Years Old by the Degree of Processing and the Nutritional Profile.

Excessive salt intake has negative effects on health and persists as a dietary problem in Spanish children. However, the analysis of dietary sodium sources has not been extensively studied. A group of 321 children between 7 and 11 years old from five Spanish regional communities was studied. A three-day dietary record was used to determine the contribution of food and beverages to dietary sodium intake. The food consumed was classified based on the level of processing (NOVA classification) and the nutritional profile. Boys consumed more dietary sodium and sodium from ultra-processed food (UPF) than girls (p < 0.05). The main sources of dietary sodium from discretionary food were meat and meat products (25.1%), some ready-to-eat and pre-cooked dishes (7.4%) and sugars and sweets (6.3%). More than 4/5 of the total dietary sodium consumed came from processed foods (PF) and UPF. Ready-to-eat and pre-cooked dishes (14.4%), meat and meat products (10.6%), and cereals (10.2%) were the most relevant UPF. These results demonstrate that a key point for Spanish children is a reduction in the sodium content in PF and UPF, whether these foods are for basic or discretionary consumption. Furthermore, a decrease in the frequency and the quantity of discretionary food consumption should be encouraged.

[Importance of breakfast in the nutritional and health improvement of the population]. / Importancia del desayuno en la mejora nutricional y sanitaria de la población.

Breakfast is one of the more controversial meals, considered as the most important of the day on some occasions and questioned in others. The first difficulty in analyzing the evidence of a relationship between breakfast and health is the definition of what a healthy breakfast is, based on its energy content, the frequency of its consumption and the type of food that are included in it. The breakfast of the Spanish population is improvable, since a high percentage of the child and adult Spanish population makes an insufficient breakfast or incorporates food with an inadequate nutritional profile. Scientific studies suggest that making a healthy breakfast is related to a greater intake of nutrients in the total of the day, better coverage of the nutritional recommendations and better quality of the whole diet. It is also associated with better body weight control and healthy cardiometabolic risk indicators, both in children and adults. Breakfast has also been related to improvements in attention and cognitive function in all age groups, both in acute, chronic and intervention studies, although they are very heterogeneous and it is necessary to investigate further in this line.

El desayuno es una de las comidas que despierta más controversia, considerada en unas ocasiones como la más importante y cuestionada en otras. La primera dificultad al analizar las evidencias que relacionan el hábito del desayuno con la salud es la propia definición de "desayuno de calidad" basada en su contenido energético, en la frecuencia de su consumo y en el tipo de alimentos que lo compone. El desayuno de la población española es mejorable, ya que un elevado porcentaje de la población infantil y adulta española realiza un desayuno insuficiente o incorpora alimentos con un perfil nutricional inadecuado.Los estudios científicos sugieren que desayunar se relaciona con una mayor ingesta de nutrientes a lo largo del día, mejor cobertura de las recomendaciones nutricionales y mejor calidad de la dieta. También se asocia con un mejor control del peso corporal y mejores indicadores de riesgo cardiometabólicos, tanto en niños como en adultos. Desayunar se ha relacionado con mejoras en la atención y en la función cognitiva en todos los grupos de edad, tanto en estudios agudos como crónicos y de intervención, aunque son muy heterogéneos y es necesario investigar más en esta línea.

[Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors involved in excess weight]. / Factores sociodemográficos y de estilo de vida implicados en el exceso de peso.

OBJECTIVES: given the growing increase in overweight and obesity, it is important to pay attention to all sociodemographic and lifestyle influences that contribute to unbalance the energy balance, favoring this trend. METHODS: bibliographic searching in relation to the subject. RESULTS: as factors associated with the obesity condition, it is observed that sedentary lifestyle, scarce physical activity, passive leisure and a high number of hours in front of screens (TV, computer...) and reduction in the time spent sleeping. Moreover, low level of income and low educational level, favor excess weight, there being an additional association between these sociodemographic factors with non-compliance with the Dietary Guidelines and the gap of the diet from to what is marked as advisable. Particularly, spent a lot of time in front of a screen and a short duration of sleep are associated with more frequent consumption of foods with high energy density and few micronutrients and low consumption of fruits and vegetables. Specifically, in men and adjusting for age, it is observed that an insufficient intake of cereals (< 4 servings / day) and fruits and vegetables (< 5 servings / day) is associated with greater risk of overweight and of central adiposity, being remarkable the worst adherence to recommended dietary guidelines in individuals with excess weight and central adiposity. CONCLUSIONS: strategies to prevent and reduce excess weight should consider these influences, which are associated and potentiated, in order to achieve more efficiency in the weight improvement of the population.

OBJETIVOS: ante el aumento creciente del sobrepeso y de la obesidad es importante prestar atención a todas las influencias sociodemográficasy de estilo de vida que contribuyen a desequilibrar el balance energético y que favorecen esta tendencia. MÉTODOS: búsqueda bibliográfica relacionada con el tema. RESULTADOS: como factores asociados al padecimiento de obesidad, se constata el creciente sedentarismo, la escasa actividad física, el ocio pasivo, el elevado número de horas delante de pantallas (televisión, ordenador…) y la reducción del tiempo dedicado a dormir. Por otra parte, el bajo nivel de ingresos y el bajo nivel educativo favorecen el exceso de peso, y existe una asociación adicional entre estos factores sociodemográficos y el incumplimiento de las guías de alimentación con el alejamiento de la dieta respecto a lo marcado como aconsejable. En concreto, un elevado tiempo ante una pantalla y una corta duración del sueño se asocian con una mayor frecuencia del consumo de alimentos con alta densidad energética y pobres en micronutrientes y con bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales. En este sentido, en varones y ajustando por edad, se observa que un consumo insuficiente de cereales (< 4 raciones/día) y de frutas y verduras (< 5 raciones/día) se asocia con mayor riesgo de sobrepeso y de adiposidad central. Destaca la peor adherencia a las pautas dietéticas aconsejadas en individuos con exceso de peso y adiposidad central. CONCLUSIONES: las estrategias para prevenir y reducir el exceso de peso deben tener en cuenta estas influencias, que se asocian y potencian, para lograr más eficacia en la mejora ponderal de la población.

Importancia del desayuno en la mejora nutricional y sanitaria de la población / Importance of breakfast in the nutritional and health improvement of the population

El desayuno es una de las comidas que despierta más controversia, considerada en unas ocasiones como la más importante y cuestionada en otras. La primera dificultad al analizar las evidencias que relacionan el hábito del desayuno con la salud es la propia definición de "desayuno de calidad" basada en su contenido energético, en la frecuencia de su consumo y en el tipo de alimentos que lo compone. El desayuno de la población española es mejorable, ya que un elevado porcentaje de la población infantil y adulta española realiza un desayuno insuficiente o incorpora alimentos con un perfil nutricional inadecuado. Los estudios científicos sugieren que desayunar se relaciona con una mayor ingesta de nutrientes a lo largo del día, mejor cobertura de las recomendaciones nutricionales y mejor calidad de la dieta. También se asocia con un mejor control del peso corporal y mejores indicadores de riesgo cardiometabólicos, tanto en niños como en adultos. Desayunar se ha relacionado con mejoras en la atención y en la función cognitiva en todos los grupos de edad, tanto en estudios agudos como crónicos y de intervención, aunque son muy heterogéneos y es necesario investigar más en esta línea

Breakfast is one of the more controversial meals, considered as the most important of the day on some occasions and questioned in others. The first difficulty in analyzing the evidence of a relationship between breakfast and health is the definition of what a healthy breakfast is, based on its energy content, the frequency of its consumption and the type of food that are included in it. The breakfast of the Spanish population is improvable, since a high percentage of the child and adult Spanish population makes an insufficient breakfast or incorporates food with an inadequate nutritional profile. Scientific studies suggest that making a healthy breakfast is related to a greater intake of nutrients in the total of the day, better coverage of the nutritional recommendations and better quality of the whole diet. It is also associated with better body weight control and healthy cardiometabolic risk indicators, both in children and adults. Breakfast has also been related to improvements in attention and cognitive function in all age groups, both in acute, chronic and intervention studies, although they are very heterogeneous and it is necessary to investigate further in this line

Factores sociodemográficos y de estilo de vida implicados en el exceso de peso / Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors involved in excess weight

Objetivos: ante el aumento creciente del sobrepeso y de la obesidad es importante prestar atención a todas las influencias sociodemográficas y de estilo de vida que contribuyen a desequilibrar el balance energético y que favorecen esta tendencia. Métodos: búsqueda bibliográfica relacionada con el tema. Resultados: como factores asociados al padecimiento de obesidad, se constata el creciente sedentarismo, la escasa actividad física, el ocio pasivo, el elevado número de horas delante de pantallas (televisión, ordenador...) y la reducción del tiempo dedicado a dormir. Por otra parte, el bajo nivel de ingresos y el bajo nivel educativo favorecen el exceso de peso, y existe una asociación adicional entre estos factores sociodemográficos y el incumplimiento de las guías de alimentación con el alejamiento de la dieta respecto a lo marcado como aconsejable. En concreto, un elevado tiempo ante una pantalla y una corta duración del sueño se asocian con una mayor frecuencia del consumo de alimentos con alta densidad energética y pobres en micronutrientes y con bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales. En este sentido, en varones y ajustando por edad, se observa que un consumo insuficiente de cereales (<4 raciones/día) y de frutas y verduras (<5 raciones/día) se asocia con mayor riesgo de sobrepeso y de adiposidad central. Destaca la peor adherencia a las pautas dietéticas aconsejadas en individuos con exceso de peso y adiposidad central. Conclusiones: las estrategias para prevenir y reducir el exceso de peso deben tener en cuenta estas influencias, que se asocian y potencian, para lograr más eficacia en la mejora ponderal de la población

Objectives: given the growing increase in overweight and obesity, it is important to pay attention to all sociodemographic and lifestyle influences that contribute to unbalance the energy balance, favoring this trend. Methods: bibliographic searching in relation to the subject. Results: as factors associated with the obesity condition, it is observed that sedentary lifestyle, scarce physical activity, passive leisure and a high number of hours in front of screens (TV, computer...) and reduction in the time spent sleeping. Moreover, low level of income and low educational level, favor excess weight, there being an additional association between these sociodemographic factors with non-compliance with the Dietary Guidelines and the gap of the diet from to what is marked as advisable. Particularly, spent a lot of time in front of a screen and a short duration of sleep are associated with more frequent consumption of foods with high energy density and few micronutrients and low consumption of fruits and vegetables. Specifically, in men and adjusting for age, it is observed that an insufficient intake of cereals (< 4 servings / day) and fruits and vegetables (< 5 servings / day) is associated with greater risk of overweight and of central adiposity, being remarkable the worst adherence to recommended dietary guidelines in individuals with excess weight and central adiposity. Conclusions: strategies to prevent and reduce excess weight should consider these influences, which are associated and potentiated, in order to achieve more efficiency in the weight improvement of the population